Early People

Anfinson, Scott. 1990. Archaeological Regions in Minnesota and the Woodland Period.
University of Minnesota Publications in Anthropology 4:135-166.

Arzigian, Constance. 2008. Minnesota Statewide Multiple Property Documentation Form for the Woodland Tradition. La Crosse: Mississippi Valley Archaeology Center, University of Wisconsin.

Breckenridge, Andy, Thomas V. Lowell, Timothy G. Fisher, and Shiyong Yu. 2012. A Late Lake Minong Transgression in the Lake Superior Basin as Documented by Sediments from Fenton Lake, Ontario. Journal of Paleolimnology 47(3):313-326.

Buhta, A. A., AJ. L. Hofman, E. C. Grimm, R. D. Mandel, and L. A. Hannus. 2011. Investigating the Earliest Human Occupation of Minnesota: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Modeling Landform Suitability & Site Distribution Probability for the State’s Early Paleoindian Resources. Archaeological Contract Series 248. Sioux Falls: Augustana College Archeology Laboratory.

Gibbon, Guy E. 2012. Archaeology of Minnesota: The Prehistory of the Upper Mississippi River Region. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Hill, Christopher L. 2007. Geoarchaeology and Late Glacial Landscapes in the Western Lake Superior Region, Central North America. Geoarchaeology 22(1):17-49.

Leverett, Frank. 1929. Moraines and Shore Lines of the Lake Superior Basin. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 154-1. Washington, D.C.:United States Government Printing Office.

Mulholland, Susan C., Stephen L. Mullholland, Jennifer R. Hamilton, and Stacey Stark. 2011. Points and Pits: Archaeological Investigations in Minnesota’s Region 9, the Lake Superior Shore, Carlton, Cook, Lake, and St. Louis Counties, Minnesota. Report No. 11-22. Duluth: Duluth Archaeology Center.

Phillips, Brian A. M. 1993. A Time-Space Model for the Distribution of Archaeological Sites in the Lake Superior Basin. Geoarchaeology 8:87-107.

Ojibwe Presence

An Ethnographic Study of Indigenous Contributions to the City of Duluth, Turnstone Historical Research, July 2015.

Ojibwe People's Dictionary, a searchable, talking Ojibwe-English dictionary including many place names.

Warren, W. W. 1885. History of the Ojibway Nation. Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. 5:126.

White, Bruce. 2007. We Are at Home: Pictures of the Ojibwe People. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press.

Zedeno, M., et al. 2001. Traditional Ojibway Resources in the Western Great Lakes. Prepared for the National Park Service, Midwest Region. Tucson: Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology, University of Arizona.

Contact and Fur Trade

Carey, John R. 1898. History of Duluth and Northern Minnesota. Duluth: Duluth Historical and Scientific Association.

Carey, John R. 1901. History of Duluth, and of St. Louis County to the Year 1870. Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Volume 9:241-278

Carlson, Christine. 2012. Connor’s Point and the Families of Ogasah Duchene LaPrairie and Thomas Patrick Connor. Nahgahchiwanong – Dibahjimowinnan, March 2012, pp. 6-7.

Carlstedt, Ellworth T. 1939. When Fond du Lac Was British. Minnesota History, 20 (1):7-18.

Dierckins, Tony. 2013. Lost Landmark: The American Fur Company Post. Website link.

Hall, Stephen P. 1976. Duluth-Superior Cultural Resources Study. SHPO Report SL-76-01. On file at the State Historic Preservation Office, St. Paul.

Nute, Grace Lee. 1930. Posts in the Minnesota Fur-Trading Area, 1660-1855. Minnesota History, 11(4):353-385.

Treaties

The authoritative source for U.S. Indian treaties is Kappler, Charles J., ed. 1904. Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Washington: Government Printing Office. Available online here.

Historical Locations

Aguar, Charles E. 1971. Exploring St Louis County Historical Sites. Duluth: St. Louis County Historical Society.

Carey, John R. 1898. History of Duluth and Northern Minnesota. Duluth: Duluth Historical and Scientific Association.

Carey, John R. 1901. History of Duluth, and of St. Louis County to the Year 1870. Collections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Volume 9:241-278

Carey, R. E. 1931. Historical Notes and Comments to Accompany Map of Duluth and Vicinity as of 1865. On file at the Kathryn A. Martin Library, Northeast Minnesota Historical Center Collections, University of Minnesota Duluth.

Carlson, Christine. 2000 Fond du Lac = Wa Ye Kwaa Gichi Gamiing: End of Great Body of Water and Visual Feast. Compiled and edited by Christine Carlson, Duluth.

Carlson, Christine. 2011 Stephen Bonga and Family. Nahgahchiwanong – Dibahjimowinnan, March 2011, pp. 10-11.

Carlson, Christine. 2015a. Neiashi: Minnesota Point. Nahgahchiwanong – Dibahjimowinnan, July 2015, p.10.

Carlson, Christine. 2015b. Neiashi: Minnesota Point - Part Six. Nahgahchiwanong – Dibahjimowinnan, July 2015, p.17.

Diocese of Superior. 2014. Wisconsin Point Burial Site. Website link.

Ely, Edmund F. 2012 The Ojibwe Journals of Edmund F. Ely, 1833-1849. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Ennis, Donna. 2014. ‘The Heavens Became Black’: The Curse of Wisconsin Point. Indian Country Today, October 25, 2014.

Hall, Stephen P. 1976 Duluth-Superior Cultural Resources Study. SHPO Report SL-76-01. On file at the State Historic Preservation Office, St. Paul.

Koenen, Bruce. Roussain Cemetery – 21SL0983. Minnesota Archaeological State Site Form. On file at the State Historic Preservation Office, St. Paul.

Peacock, Thomas D. 1998 A Forever Story: The People and Community of the Fond du Lac Reservation. Cloquet, Minnesota: Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa.

Stowe, Gerald C. 1942. Archaeological History of Douglas County, Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Archeologist 23(4):101.

Thompson, S. A. 1894. The City of Duluth. The New England Magazine, Volume X, pp. 327-348

Van Brunt, Walter (ed.). 1921. Duluth and St. Louis County, Minnesota: Their Story and People: An Authentic Narrative of the Past, with Particular Attention to the Modern Era in the Commercial, Industrial, Educational, Civic and Social Development. Volume 1. Chicago: American Historical Society.

Wellge, H. 1883. View of Duluth, Minn. 1883. J. J. Stoner, Madison, Wisconsin.

Winchell, N. H. 1887. The Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. The Fifteenth Annual Report for the Year 1886. In Executive Documents of the State of Minnesota for the Fiscal Years, 1886-7, Vol. IV (1888). St. Paul: Pioneer Press Company.

Wisconsin Archeological Society. 1914 Aboriginal Evidences in Northwestern Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Archeologist, 13(1):1-79.

Chief Buffalo

On Chief Buffalo and the treaties he signed see McClurken, James M., Charles E. Cleland, Thomas Lund, John D. Nichols, Helen Tanner and Bruce White. 2000. Fish in the Lakes, Wild Rice, and Game in Abundance: Testimony on Behalf of Mille Lacs Ojibwe Hunting and Fishing Rights. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. Also see Warren, William W. 2009. History of the Ojibway People. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press.

On Chief Buffalo's reservation see Michael Flaherty, "Chief Buffalo Indian Reservation, Duluth, Minnesota," January 2015, an appendix to An Ethnographic Study of Indigenous Contributions to the City of Duluth, Turnstone Historical Research, July 2015. On the legal case involving Chief Buffalo's reservation, Prentice v. Stearns, there are two online sources, one at supreme.justia.com, and one at leagal.com.

Modern Day

An Ethnographic Study of Indigenous Contributions to the City of Duluth, Turnstone Historical Research, July 2015.

DeFoe, Ricky. Interview, Jan. 20, 2015. Transcript in Duluth Ethnographic Study Project files.

Duluth News-Tribune, Oct. 21, 1966; May 12, 1974.

Harkins, Arthur M., and Woods, Richard G., comps. 1970, May. Indian Americans in Duluth: A Summary and Analysis of Recent Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Training Center for Community Programs. Copy in University of Minnesota-Duluth Kathryn A. Martin Archives and Special Collections.

Sandman, Babette. Interview, June 1, 2015. Transcript in Duluth Ethnographic Study Project files.